Mai ɗaure Zinc Oxide

Mai ɗaure Zinc Oxidewani abu nemai riƙe walƙiyatare da kyakkyawan aikin kariya.

TheMai ɗaure Zinc Oxideshine mafi ci gaba a duniya wajen kare wutar lantarki. Wannan ya faru ne saboda sinadarin zinc oxide.mai kamawaa matsayin faifan resistor na tsakiya Wannan yana ba da damar inganta halayen volt-ampere na faifan resistor da kuma ƙaruwar ƙarfin lantarki ta hanyar lantarki a cikin yanayin over-voltage wanda babban ci gaba ne idan aka kwatanta da carbide na silicon na gargajiyamasu kamawaA ƙarƙashin ƙarfin lantarki na yau da kullun, wutar lantarki ta hanyar mai riƙewa tana da digiri ɗaya kawai na micro-ampere.mai kamawaIdan ya fuskanci yanayin aver-voltage, kyawawan halaye marasa layi za su ƙara wutar lantarki ta hanyar mai kamawa sau dubu da yawa.mai kamawayana cikin yanayin gudanarwa kuma zai saki makamashin wuce gona da iri zuwa ƙasa, ta haka ne zai kare kayan aikin watsa wutar lantarki daga tasirin ƙarfin lantarki mai yawa.

Mai ɗaure sinadarin zinc oxidewani sabon nau'in arrester ne da aka haɓaka a shekarun 1970, wanda galibi ya ƙunshi zinc oxide varistor. Kowane varistor yana da takamaiman ƙarfin canzawa (wanda ake kira voltage varistor) tun lokacin da aka yi shi. A ƙarƙashin ƙarfin lantarki na aiki na yau da kullun (wato, ƙasa da ƙarfin varistor), ƙimar varistor tana da girma sosai, wanda yayi daidai da yanayin rufi. Amma a ƙarƙashin ƙarfin tasiri (fiye da ƙarfin varistor), varistor yana karyewa a ƙarancin ƙima, wanda yayi daidai da yanayin gajeren da'ira. Duk da haka, bayan an buge varistor, zai iya dawo da yanayin rufi; Lokacin da aka cire ƙarfin lantarki da ke sama da varistor, yana komawa zuwa yanayin juriya mai ƙarfi. Saboda haka, idan an sanya arrester na zinc oxide akan layin wuta, lokacin da walƙiya ta buge, babban ƙarfin walƙiya na walƙiya yana haifar da rushewar varistor, kuma walƙiyar walƙiya tana gudana ta cikin varistor zuwa ƙasa. Ana iya sarrafa ƙarfin lantarki akan layin wutar lantarki a cikin iyaka mai aminci, don kare lafiyar kayan aikin lantarki.

Halaye bakwai na sinadarin zinc oxide:

Ƙarfin kwarara

Wannan galibi yana nuna a cikin mai riƙe walƙiya yana da ikon ɗaukar duk nau'ikan walƙiya overvoltage, ƙarfin lantarki na ɗan lokaci na mitar wutar lantarki da kuma ƙarfin aiki overvoltage.

Kayayyakin kariya

Ana amfani da na'urar hana sinadari ta zinc oxide don kare dukkan nau'ikan kayan lantarki a cikin tsarin wutar lantarki daga lalacewar kayayyakin lantarki masu yawa, tana da kyakkyawan aikin kariya. Saboda kyawawan halayen voltammetry marasa layi na takardar bawul ɗin zinc oxide, 'yan ƙananan microamps kaɗan ne kawai na izinin yanzu a ƙarƙashin ƙarfin lantarki na yau da kullun, yana da sauƙin tsara tsarin babu gibi, don haka yana da halayen aikin kariya mai kyau, nauyi mai sauƙi da ƙaramin girma. Lokacin da ƙarfin lantarki ya mamaye, wutar lantarki da ke gudana ta cikin farantin bawul ɗin tana ƙaruwa da sauri, kuma tana iyakance girman ƙarfin lantarki kuma tana sakin kuzarin ƙarfin lantarki mai yawa. Bayan haka, farantin bawul ɗin zinc oxide yana dawo da yanayin juriya mai yawa don sa tsarin wutar lantarki yayi aiki yadda ya kamata.

Aikin rufewa

Abubuwan da ke riƙe walƙiya tare da kyakkyawan aikin tsufa, ingantaccen matse iska na ingantaccen murfin haɗin gwiwa, amfani da sarrafa matse zoben rufewa da matse mai rufi da sauran ma'auni, murfin yumbu azaman kayan rufewa, don tabbatar da ingantaccen hatimi, don aikin mai riƙe walƙiya ya kasance mai karko.

Kayan aikin injiniya na

Ana la'akari da waɗannan abubuwa uku: ƙarfin girgizar ƙasa da za ta ɗauka;

Matsakaicin matsin lamba na iska akan mai riƙewa;

Saman mai riƙewa yana ɗauke da matsakaicin matsin lambar da aka yarda da shi na wayar.

Kadarar tsaftacewa

Mai hana gurɓata iska (non-gap zinc oxide arrester) yana da juriya sosai ga gurɓata iska.

Takamaiman nisan da aka ƙayyade ta hanyar ma'aunin ƙasa shine: Aji na II matsakaicin yanki mai gurɓatawa: takamaiman nisan da ke rarrafe 20mm/kV;

Aji na III yanki mai gurɓataccen iska: takamaiman nisan da ke rarrafe 25mm/ kV;

Aji na IV yanki mai tsananin gurɓata: takamaiman nisan rarrafe 31mm/kV.

Babban amincin aiki

Ingancin aiki na dogon lokaci ya dogara ne akan ingancin samfuran da kuma zaɓin samfuran da ya dace. Tasirin ingancin samfurinsa galibi yana da waɗannan fannoni uku: fahimtar tsarin gaba ɗaya na mai riƙe walƙiya; Halayen voltammetric da juriyar tsufa na bawul ɗin zinc oxide; Aikin rufewa na mai riƙe walƙiya.

Juriyar mitar wutar lantarki

Saboda tsarin wutar lantarki kamar grounding na mataki ɗaya, tasirin capacitance na dogon layi da ƙin karɓar kaya da sauran dalilai, zai haifar da ƙaruwar ƙarfin wutar lantarki ko kuma samar da babban ƙarfin lantarki na ɗan lokaci, mai ɗaukar walƙiya yana da takamaiman lokacin da zai iya jure wani ƙaruwar ƙarfin wutar lantarki na wani lokaci.

aiki

Kowace nau'in na'urar riƙewa tana da nata fa'idodi da halaye, kuma ana buƙatar amfani da su a wurare daban-daban don cimma kyakkyawan tasirin rufewa. A ƙarƙashin ƙarfin lantarki mai ƙima, na'urar riƙewa tana daidai da na'urar rufewa kuma ba za ta yi wani aiki ba. Idan akwai matsala ko babban ƙarfin lantarki, na'urar riƙe walƙiya za ta yi aiki kuma ta jagoranci wutar zuwa ƙasa don kare kayan aikin wutar lantarki yadda ya kamata.

Rarrabawa

Dangane da matakin ƙarfin lantarki

Ana rarraba masu ɗaure zinc oxide bisa ga ƙimar ƙarfin lantarki mai ƙima kuma ana iya raba su zuwa rukuni uku:

Nau'in ƙarfin lantarki mai girma: Yana nufin jerin masu riƙe zinc oxide sama da 66KV, waɗanda za a iya raba su kusan zuwa matakai bakwai: 1000kV, 750kV, 500kV, 330kV, 220kV, 110kV, da 66kV.

Nau'in ƙarfin lantarki mai matsakaici: Yana nufin jerin samfuran da ke riƙe da sinadarin zinc oxide a cikin kewayon 3kV zuwa 66kV (ban da samfuran jerin 66kV), waɗanda za a iya raba su kusan zuwa matakan ƙarfin lantarki guda huɗu: 3kV, 6kV, 10kV, da 35KV.

Nau'in ƙarancin ƙarfin lantarki: Yana nufin jerin samfuran da ke riƙe da sinadarin zinc oxide a ƙasa da 3KV (ban da samfuran jerin 3kV), waɗanda za a iya raba su kusan zuwa matakan ƙarfin lantarki guda huɗu: 1kV, 0.5kV, 0.38kV, da 0.22kV.

Dangane da fitowar fitarwa ta mara suna

Dangane da yawan fitar da iskar oxygen, ana iya raba masu hana sinadarin zinc oxide zuwa azuzuwa biyar: 20, 10, 5, 2.5, 1.5kA.

Bisa lafazinamfani

Ana iya raba na'urorin hana sinadarin zinc oxide zuwa nau'i bakwai bisa ga amfaninsu: nau'in da'irar tsarin, nau'in tashar wutar lantarki ta tsarin, nau'in rarraba tsarin, nau'in kariyar banki na shunt diyya, nau'in layin dogo mai amfani da wutar lantarki, nau'in ma'aunin mota da na mota, nau'in ma'aunin transformer mai zaman kansa.

Dangane da tsarin

Ana iya raba sinadarin zinc oxide zuwa rukuni biyu bisa ga tsarinsu.

Ana iya raba sinadarin zinc oxide zuwa matakai huɗu bisa ga aikin juriya ga gurɓatawa. Aji na ⅰ nau'in da aka saba amfani da shi ne, Aji na ⅱ ana amfani da shi a matsakaicin gurɓatawa (takamaiman nisan gurɓatawa 20mm/KV), Aji na ⅲ ana amfani da shi a yankin gurɓatawa mai yawa (takamaiman nisan gurɓatawa 25mm/KV), kuma ana amfani da aji na ⅳ a yankin gurɓatawa mai yawa (takamaiman nisan gurɓatawa 31mm/KV).

Haɗaɗɗen gashi: Haɗaɗɗen gashi zinc oxide arrester an yi shi ne da kayan roba na silicone a matsayin gashi, kuma zaɓin takardar juriya ta zinc oxide mai inganci, amfani da tsari na ciki na musamman, wanda aka haɗa ta hanyar fasaha mai ci gaba, yana da fa'idodi biyu na kayan roba na silicone da takardar juriya ta zinc oxide. Baya ga duk fa'idodin haɗaɗɗen gashi zinc oxide arrester, jerin samfuran suna da kyakkyawan aikin kariya, juriya mai ƙarfi, aiki mai kyau na fashewa da ƙaramin girma, nauyi mai sauƙi, babu kulawa, ba mai sauƙin lalacewa ba, hatimi mai aminci, kyakkyawan juriya ga tsufa da sauran fa'idodi.

Dangane da aikin tsarin

Za a iya raba sinadarin zinc oxide zuwa nau'i uku bisa ga tsari da aiki: babu sharewa (W), tare da sharewa jeri (C), tare da sharewa layi daya (B).

1. A baya, zaɓi da rashin amfanin masu riƙe walƙiya waɗanda kawai suka yi la'akari da matakan aiki na overvoltage da matakan overvoltage na walƙiya

Ma'aunin ƙasa ya ƙayyade cewa ƙarfin wutar lantarki na tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta tsarin ya kamata ya ɗan fi K sau biyu ƙarfin lantarki na asali (ko ƙarfin lantarki mai ƙima) na tsarin, wato, K=Um/Un (Um shine mafi girman ƙarfin lantarki na tsarin). Ya kamata rufin kayan lantarki ya sami damar aiki na dogon lokaci a ƙarƙashin Un. K na tsarin 220kV da ƙasa shine 1.15, kuma ga tsarin 330kV da sama, K=1.1. Ana kuma lura da ƙa'idodin da aka ambata a sama a matakin farko na ƙirar mai kamawa.

2. Zaɓa da kuma buƙatar na'urar riƙe walƙiya don tabbatar da aiki a ƙarƙashin ƙarfin lantarki na ƙasa mai matakai ɗaya da kuma amincin tsarin wutar lantarki

Daga mahangar aiki mai aminci, zaɓin ƙarfin lantarki mai ƙima na mai ɗaure shi ma ya kamata ya bi ƙa'idodi masu zuwa:

(1) Ƙarfin wutar lantarki mai ƙima na mai riƙe da sinadarin zinc oxide ya kamata ya fi ƙarfin wutar lantarki na wucin gadi da zai iya bayyana a lokacin shigarwarsa. A cikin tsarin ƙasa mai tsaka-tsaki na 110kV ko sama da haka, ana iya zaɓarsa bisa ga hanyar da ke sama.

(2) a cikin 110 kv kuma ƙasa da tsarin ƙasa mara kai tsaye, sashen wutar lantarki yana ƙarƙashin yanayin ƙasa mai matakai ɗaya wanda aka ba shi damar aiki na awanni 2, kuma wani lokacin ma a cikin samar da wutar lantarki mai yawa a cikin ƙasa mai kauri yana gudana fiye da awanni 2 don gano matsala, wannan nau'in halayen aikin tsarin na mai hana walƙiya na zinc oxide aiki mai aminci a ƙarƙashin ƙarfin lantarki mai ƙima 10 s yana haifar da babbar barazana. Kuma mai hana zinc oxide da tsarin mai hana SiC, ƙira ya bambanta (na ƙarshen shine ɓacewar baka mai gibi, na farko ba shi da gibi ko gibi mai rabuwa kawai), don haka a aikace rushewar zafi na mai hana zinc oxide har ma da manyan haɗurra na fashewa. Fuskantar wannan yanayin, yawancin ofisoshin samar da wutar lantarki da cibiyoyin ƙirar wutar lantarki sun gabatar da nau'ikan ƙimar wutar lantarki da aka ƙima (kamar 14.4kV, 14.7kV, da sauransu) bisa ga yanayin grid ɗin wutar lantarki na gida. A cikin gwajin nauyin aiki na takardu da yawa na tattaunawa na ƙasa, an ƙara haƙurin wutar lantarki mai ƙima na 10s zuwa sau 1.2 ~ 1.3, don haka daidaitawar mai hana zinc oxide zuwa wurin tsaka tsaki An inganta tsarin saukar da ƙasa ba kai tsaye ba.

Saboda ƙarfin lantarki mai ƙarfi na mai hana zinc oxide ya yi ƙasa sosai, mai hana zai yi aiki a ƙarƙashin ƙarfin lantarki na ƙasa mai matakai ɗaya ko ma yawan ƙarfin lantarki na ɗan lokaci. Ma'aikatar Kula da Tsaro da Haɗakar Samarwa ta Ma'aikatar Wutar Lantarki ta gabatar da shawarar sake duba mai hana tun da farko a cikin sanarwar tsaro ta 17 mai kwanan wata 30 ga Oktoba 1993.

A lokacin sauyawa tsakanin sanarwar da sake duba sabon ma'auni, an gabatar da ƙa'idodin ƙira masu zuwa don zaɓar ƙarfin lantarki mai ƙima da kuma ƙarfin aiki mai ci gaba na mai riƙe da zinc oxide a cikin tsarin da ba shi da tushe: ƙarfin lantarki mai ƙima shine sau 1.2-1.3 na ƙirar ƙarfin lantarki mai kashe wutar lantarki na SiC mai riƙe da arc, kuma ƙarfin lantarki mai ci gaba shine mafi girman ƙarfin lantarki na aikin tsarin.

Saboda babu wani mizani ɗaya da aka haɗa don bayanan asali da ke sama, za a sami rashin jituwa tsakanin mai ƙera na'urar ɗaukar walƙiya da mai amfani a cikin ƙira da ƙera.

3, aiwatar da bugu na 2000 na sabon tsari, amintacce kuma mai ma'ana na gaskiyar kama walƙiya

A cikin sabon ma'aunin 2000 na China (GB11032-2000), an gane ƙa'idar zaɓin ƙarfin lantarki da aka ƙima sama da sau 1.2-1.3, amma zaɓin ƙarfin lantarki mai ci gaba da aiki yana da sabon tanadi: daga nunin rayuwar sabis na mai riƙewa na 1.5Un//U1mA a matsayin ƙimar tunani don zaɓar (ƙirƙira) ƙarfin lantarki mai ci gaba da aiki na mai riƙewa. Tare da ƙira da matakin masana'anta na mai riƙewa na cikin gida, ƙimar gabaɗaya ita ce 80%, don haka ana zaɓar ƙarfin lantarki mai ci gaba da aiki azaman sau 0.8 na ƙarfin lantarki da aka ƙima. Wannan yana tallafawa ta ƙaramin yankin yanzu na lanƙwasa voltammetry.

Saboda haka, a aikace, ya kamata a yi la'akari da matakin ƙarfin lantarki mai yawa na aikin ƙasa na lokaci ɗaya na awa 1 yayin gudanar da lissafin kwaikwayo bisa ga takamaiman yanayi ko zaɓar mai riƙewa bisa ga ƙwarewa da aiki. Duk da haka, akwai ƙimar ƙarfin lantarki da yawa da aka ƙididdige waɗanda suka ɗan bambanta da ƙimar da ke sama a cikin yarjejeniyoyin fasaha na masu amfani har ma a cikin zane-zane na cibiyoyin ƙira wutar lantarki, waɗanda ina ganin ba su da mahimmanci (kamar 16.5kV da 16.7kV a cikin 10kV, da sauransu). Dalili kuwa shine a cikin ainihin tsarin ƙira na mai riƙe walƙiya, ƙimar ƙarfin lantarki mai ƙididdigewa a cikin lanƙwasa volt-ampere yana cikin ƙaramin yanki na yanzu, wanda ƙasa da ƙimar U1mAAC, ba za a iya cimma burin bambanci mai zurfi a cikin ainihin ƙirar mai riƙe walƙiya ba; Bugu da ƙari, daga tattaunawar da ke gaba, bisa ga buƙatun sabon ƙa'idar ƙasa don zaɓar amfani mai aminci a ƙarƙashin ƙarin ƙarfin lantarki da aka yarda (wannan yana nufin tsarin da ba a yi ƙasa ba).

4. Zaɓin kimiyya na sinadarin zinc oxide wanda ba a yi masa ƙasa ba bisa ga sabon ma'aunin bugu na 2000

(1) Za a zaɓi ƙarfin lantarki mai ƙima kuma a tsara shi bisa ga ƙimar ƙarfin lantarki mai ƙarfin lantarki da aka yarda da shi wanda aka yi amfani da shi a tashoshin mai ɗaurewa, don ya yi aiki daidai a ƙarƙashin ƙarfin lantarki na wucin gadi da aka ƙayyade a cikin gwajin nauyin aiki da aka ƙayyade. Dole ne a zaɓi ƙarfin lantarki mai ci gaba da aiki don ba da damar RMS mai ɗorewa tsakanin tashoshin mai ɗaurewa. A wannan lokacin, ƙarfin lantarki mai fitar da mitar wutar lantarki ya kamata ya kasance mai girma don guje wa aikin rufin kayan aikin da aka kare a ƙarƙashin ƙarfin lantarki na aiki ba tare da kariya ba kuma ya tsawaita rayuwar sabis, kuma dole ne a yi la'akari da ainihin matakin caji da ragowar ƙarfin lantarki na mai ɗaure zinc oxide da aka ƙera a China.

(2) Inda ƙarfin wutar lantarki ya tashi da ƙarfi ko kuma ƙarfin gwajin rufin kayan aiki ya fi girma, ya kamata a zaɓi ƙarfin lantarki mafi girma na mai riƙe da zinc oxide. Zaɓin ƙarfin lantarki mai nuni ga mitar wutar lantarki zai yi daidai da ko ya fi ƙarfin lantarki mai kimantawa. Waɗannan maki biyu a cikin sabbin buƙatun ƙa'idodin NATIONAL sun fi dacewa, ana iya samun lissafin da ke ƙasa don biyan buƙatun ƙarfin lantarki mai yawa. Bukatun ƙa'idodin ƙasa na ƙasa, don tabbatar da cewa aikin ƙasa na lokaci ɗaya na awanni 2 ba tare da aiki ba. A cikin mafi munin yanayi, lokacin da ƙin saukar ƙasa na lokaci ɗaya da ƙin kaya suka faru a lokaci guda, matsakaicin ƙarfin lantarki mai yiwuwa wanda aka ƙididdige ta hanyar ka'ida shine sau 1.99, kuma an zaɓi ƙarfin lantarki mai ci gaba da aiki UC (ƙimar tasiri) na mai riƙe da zinc oxide kamar haka:

An zaɓi ƙarfin lantarki mai ƙima (Ur≈1.25 UC) bisa ga ƙimar caji ta ƙasa ta 0.8, wanda duk ya cika buƙatun. Idan aka yi amfani da ƙasan baka da kuma ƙarfin lantarki mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi tare da yuwuwar tserewa mai yawa, ƙarfin lantarki mai ƙima zai cika: sake dannawa?=0.8 Zaɓi ƙarfin lantarki mai ci gaba da aiki, wanda kuma ya cika buƙatun.

A taƙaice, babban wahalar zaɓar mai ɗaurewa shine tantance girman ƙarfin lantarki na ɗan lokaci. Ya zama dole a tabbatar da aiki mai aminci da daidaito a ƙarƙashin babban ƙarfin lantarki mai aiki da kuma ƙarfin lantarki na yanayi, da kuma tabbatar da cewa farantin bawul ɗin ba ya aiki a ƙarƙashin ƙarfin lantarki na ɗan lokaci.

A halin yanzu, zaɓin nau'in da ƙirar mai ɗaure dole ne ya tabbatar da cewa mafi girman ƙarfin lantarki na zinc oxide arrester na tsarin bai yi aiki ba lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin lokaci ɗaya na awanni 2, in ba haka ba mai ɗaure zinc oxide zai bayyana rugujewar zafi ko ma fashewa.

Saboda haka, ya dace a zaɓi tsarin da ba a gina shi ba bisa ga sabbin buƙatun.

Amma a cikin na'urar capacitor mai ƙarfi ta arc, ƙarfin wutar lantarki na ƙasa zai yi ƙasa sosai, sannan za a iya zaɓar ƙasa bisa ga lissafin kwaikwayon aiki na ƙarfin lantarki da aka ƙididdige da kuma ƙarfin lantarki mai ci gaba don yin aikin hana walƙiya na zinc oxide a ƙarƙashin ƙaramin ƙarfin lantarki mai aiki, na'urar kariyar capacitor, amma idan ba ku dace ba, za ku iya zaɓar bisa ga tsarin ƙasa ba tare da wani tsari ba.

Domin an yi la'akari da cewa an cika buƙatun ƙasa na tsawon sa'o'i 2 ta hanyar amfani da sandar capacitor zuwa ƙasa.

Yana aiki a ƙasa da ƙarfin lantarki da aka ƙididdige, mai ɗaurewa ba ya aiki kuma ba zai haifar da lalacewar na'urar capacitor ba.

Gabaɗaya, wannan saboda faranti na bawul ɗin zinc oxide ba tare da sharewa kai tsaye a jere ba, a cikin juriyar hana walƙiya ta zinc oxide ba za su iya ɗaukar fiye da sau 1.99 na overvoltage ba, wanda ya haifar da zaɓin ƙarfin lantarki na SiC arcing na zinc oxide walƙiya mai ƙimar ƙarfin lantarki ba zai iya cika buƙatun ba, yana da tabbas zai tashi don tabbatar da amincin mai riƙewa, kamar babu ainihin bayanan kwaikwayo.

Darajar da aka ba da shawarar da ke cikin ruhin ma'aunin ƙasa ta fi dacewa domin ta cika buƙatun iyaka.